Immunohistochemistry(IHC):

A lab test that uses antibodies to test for certain antigens (markers) in a sample of tissue. The antibodies are usually linked to an enzyme or a fluorescent dye. When the antibodies bind to the antigen in the tissue sample, the enzyme or dye is activated, and the antigen can then be seen under a microscope. Immunohistochemistry is used to help diagnose diseases, such as cancer. It may also be used to help tell the difference between different types of cancer.

Flow cytometry:

 Flow cytometry is a technology that is used to analyse the physical and chemical characteristics of particles in a fluid as it passes through at least one laser. Cell components are fluorescently labelled and then excited by the laser to emit light at varying wavelengths.

 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay:

ELISA is a plate-based assay technique designed for detecting and quantifying peptides, proteins, antibodies and hormones. In an ELISA, an antigen must be immobilized to a solid surface and then complexed with an antibody that is linked to an enzyme. Detection is accomplished by assessing the conjugated enzyme activity via incubation with a substrate to produce a measureable product. The most crucial element of the detection strategy is a highly specific antibody-antigen interaction.

Cell culture:

Cell culture refers to the removal of cells from an animal or plant and their subsequent growth in a favorable artificial environment. The cells may be removed from the tissue directly and disaggregated by enzymatic or mechanical means before cultivation, or they may be derived from a cell line or cell strain that has already been already established.After the first subculture, the primary culture becomes known as a cell line or subclone. Cell lines derived from primary cultures have a limited life span (i.e., they are finite; see below), and as they are passaged, cells with the highest growth capacity predominate,resulting in a degree of genotypic and phenotypic uniformity in the population.

Real-time PCR:

Real-time PCR uses an increase in the intensity of a fluorescent signal generated by an intercalating dye or from the breakdown of a dye-labeled probe during amplification of a target sequence to detect nucleic acids either for their presence or absence or for their amount. The PCR cycle number where fluorescent signal becomes discernable above background noise is called the CT value. Between two samples, a decrease in a CT value (ΔCT) of one cycle represents a doubling of the amount of target. This relationship can be expressed as

Thefoldincreaseintheamountofamplifiedproduct=2−ΔCT